Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2008, Volume 80, No. 7, pp. 1415-1432, References

Pure Appl. Chem., 2008, Vol. 80, No. 7, pp. 1415-1432

http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880071415

Pyridinium-N-phenolate betaine dyes as empirical indicators of solvent polarity: Some new findings

Christian Reichardt

Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany

References

1. (a). C. Reichardt. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2003; first reprint 2004), particularly Chaps. 6 and 7;
1. (b). C. Reichardt. Org. Process Res. Dev. 11, 105 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op0680082)
2. N. G. Bakshiev (Ed.). Solvatokhromiya: Problemy i Metody, Izdatelstvo Leningradskogo Universiteta, Leningrad (1989).
3. P. Suppan, N. Ghoneim. Solvatochromism, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (1997).
4. E. M. Kosower, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv/Israel; private communication to C. R.; see also ref. [12b].
5. W. R. Fawcett. Liquids, Solutions, and Interfaces: From Classical Macroscopic Descriptions to Modern Microscopic Details, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004).
6. (a). Y. Marcus. The Properties of Solvents, John Wiley, Chichester (1998);
6. (b). Y. Marcus. Solvent Mixtures: Properties and Selective Solvation, Marcel Dekker, New York (2002).
7. (a). C. Reichardt. Angew. Chem. 77, 30 (1965); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19650770105)
7. (b). C. Reichardt. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 4, 29 (1965); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.196500291)
7. (c). C. Reichardt. Angew. Chem. 91, 119 (1979); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19790910206)
7. (d). C. Reichardt. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 18, 98 (1979). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.197900981)
8. P. Muller. Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 1077 (1994); particularly p. 1151.
9. E. Grunwald, S. Winstein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 846 (1948). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01182a117)
10. E. M. Kosower. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3253 (1958). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01546a020)
11. (a). L. P. Hammett. Physical Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Chap. 11, McGraw-Hill, New York (1970);
11. (b). L. P. Hammett. Physikalische Organische Chemie, Chap. 11, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim (1973);
11. (c). J. Shorter. Chem. Unserer Zeit 19, 197 (1985). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19850190604)
12. (a). C. Reichardt. Chem. Soc. Rev. (London) 21, 147 (1992);
12. (b). C. Reichardt. Chem. Rev. 94, 2319 (1994). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00032a005)
13. (a). K. Dimroth, C. Reichardt, Th. Siepmann, F. Bohlmann. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 661, 1 (1963); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19636610102)
13. (b). C. Reichardt, E. Harbusch-Gornert. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 721 (1983); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.198319830502)
13. (c). C. Reichardt, M. Eschner, G. Schafer. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 57 (1990); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199019900109)
13. (d). S. Spange, M. Lauterbach, A.-K. Gyra, C. Reichardt. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 323 (1991); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199119910156)
13. (e). C. Reichardt, G. Schafer. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1579 (1995).
14. (a). C. Reichardt. Chem. Soc. Rev. (London) 21, 147 (1992);
14. (b). C. Reichardt. Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., cover page, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2003; first reprint 2004);
14. (c). H. Langhals. GIT Fachz. Lab. 35, 766 (1991);
14. (d). A. Streitwieser, C. H. Heathcock, E. M. Kosower. Introduction to Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Essay 4 between pp. 621 and 622, MacMillan, New York (1992);
14. (e). P. Rao. Resonance (Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore) 2, 69 (1997), title page of the May issue;
14. (f). N. Asaad, M. J. den Otter, J. B. F. N. Engberts. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2, 1404 (2004), Abstract. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b402886d)
15. (a). D. A. Johnson, R. Shaw, E. F. Silversmith. J. Chem. Educ. 71, 517 (1994);
15. (b). B. R. Osterby, R. D. McKelvey. J. Chem. Educ. 73, 260 (1996);
15. (c). B. R. Osterby, R. D. McKelvey. J. Chem. Educ. 73, 737 (1996);
15. (d). T. Deng, W. E. Acree Jr. J. Chem. Educ. 76, 1555 (1999);
15. (e). M. F. Vitha. J. Chem. Educ. 78, 370 (2001);
15. (f). C. Machado, V. G. Machado. J. Chem. Educ. 78, 649 (2001).
16. (a). C. Reichardt, D. Che, G. Heckenkemper, G. Schafer. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2343 (2001); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0690(200106)2001:12<2343::AID-EJOC2343>3.0.CO;2-I)
16. (b). K. Herodes, J. Koppel, C. Reichardt, I. A. Koppel. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 16, 626 (2003); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.656)
16. (c). K. Herodes, I. Leito, J. Koppel, C. Reichardt, I. A. Koppel. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 18, 1013 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.958)
17. C. Reichardt, M. Eschner, G. Schafer. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 14, 737 (2001). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.427)
18. (a). M. A. Kessler, O. S. Wolfbeis. Chem. Phys. Lipids 50, 51 (1989); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-3084(89)90025-X)
18. (b). M. A. Kessler, O. S. Wolfbeis. Chem. Abstr. 111, 59537u (1989).
19. (a). C. Reichardt. Pure Appl. Chem. 54, 1867 (1982); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198254101867)
19. (b). C. Reichardt, S. Asharin-Fard, A. Blum, M. Eschner, A.-M. Mehranpour, P. Milart, Th. Niem, G. Schafer, M. Wilk. Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 2593 (1993); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199365122593)
19. (c). C. Reichardt. Pure Appl. Chem. 76, 1903 (2004). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476101903)
20. (a). R. Allmann. Z. Kristallogr. 128, 115 (1969);
20. (b). K. Stadnicka, P. Milart, A. Olech, P. K. Olszewski. J. Mol. Struct. 604, 9 (2002); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2860(01)00640-8)
20. (c). L. Wojtas, P. Milart, K. Stadnicka. J. Mol. Struct. 782 157 (2006); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.08.007)
20. (d). L. Wojtas, D. Pawlica, K. Stadnicka. J. Mol. Struct. 785, 14 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.09.023)
21. (a). M. Caricato, B. Mennucci, J. Tomasi. Mol. Phys. 104, 875 (2006); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970500417994)
21. (b). A. Masternak, G. Wenska, J. Milecki, B. Skalski, St. Franzen. J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 759 (2005), particularly the Supporting Information. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp047098e)
22. (a). M. C. Beard, G. M. Turner, C. A. Schmuttenmaer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 11541 (2000); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja001581v)
22. (b). M. C. Beard, G. M. Turner, C. A. Schmuttenmaer. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 878 (2002); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp013603l)
22. (c). M. C. Beard, G. M. Turner, C. A. Schmuttenmaer. J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 106 (2002). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp020579i)
23. (a). A. Sarkar, S. Pandey. J. Chem. Eng. Data 51, 2051 (2006); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je0601560)
23. (b). C. P. Fredlake, M. J. Muldoon, S. N. V. K. Aki, T. Welton, J. Brennecke. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 3280 (2004): ET(30) = 0.9986?ET(33) - 8.6878.
24. (a). C. Reichardt. Green Chem. 7, 339 (2005); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b500106b)
24. (b). C. Chiappe, D. Pieraccini. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 18, 275 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.863)
25. Y. Marcus. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 18, 373 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.882)
26. M. Wu, F. Wu, H.-L. Luan, R.-J. Chen. Huaxue Xuebao (Acta Chim. Sinica) 63, 787 (2005).
27. D. Vinci, M. Donaldson, J. P. Hallett, E. A. John, P. Pollet, C. A. Thomas, J. D. Grilly, P. G. Jessop, C. L. Liotta, C. A. Eckert. Chem. Commun. 1427 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b616806j)
28. G. U. Bublitz, S. G. Boxer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 3988 (1998). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja971665c)
29. (a). A. F. Lagalante, M. Spadi, T. J. Bruno. J. Chem. Eng. Data 45, 382 (2000); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je990212f)
29. (b). A. S. Labban, Y. Marcus. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 77 (1997). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a605521d)
30. B. R. Mellein, S. N. V. K. Aki, R. L. Ladewski, J. F. Brennecke. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 131 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0653353)
31. N. Matsumi, A. Mori, K. Sakamoto, H. Ohno. Chem. Commun. 4557 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b507805a)
32. A. R. Harifi-Mood, A. Habibi-Yangjeh, M. R. Gholami. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 7073 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0602373)
33. C. Chiappe, D. Pieraccini. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 4937 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp057236f)
34. (a). V. T. Wyatt, D. Bush, J. Lu, J. P. Hallett. C. L. Liotta, C. A. Eckert. J. Supercrit. Fluids 36, 16 (2005); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2005.03.009)
34. (b). R. Eberhardt, S. Lobbecke, B. Neidhart, C. Reichardt. Liebigs Ann./Recueil 1195 (1997).
35. Betaine dyes 1 and 4 are commercially available by Sigma-Aldrich (1: order no. 27,244-2) and Fluka (1: order no. 43358; 4: order no. 36567).
36. (a). C. Wakai, A. Oleinikova, M. Ott, H. Weingartner. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 17028 (2005); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp053946+)
36. (b). I. Krossing, J. M. Slattery, C. Daguenet, P. J. Dyson, A. Oleinikova, H. Weingartner. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13427 (2006), see Table 2.
37. J. P. Hallett, C. L. Kitchens, R. Hernandez, C. L. Liotta, C. A. Eckert. Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 531 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar0501424)
38. C. P. Fredlake, M. J. Muldoon, S. N. V. K. Aki, T. Welton, J. F. Brennecke. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 3280 (2004). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b400815d)
39. (a). R. E. Leitao, F. Martins, M. C. Ventura, N. Nunes. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 15, 623 (2002): MeOH/CH3CN/2-PrOH;
39. (b). C. Diaz, L. Barrio, J. Catalan. Chem. Phys. Lett. 371, 645 (2003): MeOH/EtOH/acetone; (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(03)00319-1)
39. (c). K. A. Fletcher, S. Pandey. J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 13532 (2003): EtOH/H2O/[BMIm]PF6;
39. (d). N. Ray, S. Bagchi. J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 142 (2005): MeOH/EtOH/H2O, MeOH/Acetone/C6H6, MeOH/CHCl3/C6H6.
40. (a). K. Dimroth, C. Reichardt. Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 215, 344 (1966); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00510433)
40. (b). Z. B. Maksimovic, C. Reichardt, A. Spiric. Z. Anal. Chem. 270, 100 (1974); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434059)
40. (c). C. Reichardt. In Molecular Interactions, Vol. 3, p. 241ff., Table 5.4, H. Ratajczak, W. J. Orville-Thomas (Eds.) Wiley-Interscience, Chichester (1982).
41. (a). H. Langhals. Angew. Chem. 94, 739 (1982);
41. (b). H. Langhals. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 21, 724 (1982); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.198207241)
41. (c). H. Langhals. Nouv. J. Chim. 5, 511 (1981).
42. K. Herodes, I. Leito, I. Koppel, M. Roses. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 12, 109 (1999): alcohols/formamides (Part 8 of a series of papers dealing with the polarity of binary solvent mixtures).
43. A. K. Laha, P. K. Das, S. Bagchi. J. Phys. Chem. A 106, 3230 (2002): EtOH/THF, EtOH/CH3CN, CH3CN/THF.
44. T. W. Bentley, I. S. Koo. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2, 2376 (2004): water/alcohol mixtures. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b408052c)
45. (a). P. M. Mancini, C. Adam, A. del C. Perez, L. R. Vottero. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 13, 221 (2000); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(200004)13:4<221::AID-POC234>3.0.CO;2-1)
45. (b). P. M. Mancini, L. R. Vottero. J. Phys. Org. Chem. 19, 34 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.993)
46. (a). E. L. Bastos, P. L. Silva, O. A. El Seoud. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 10287 (2006): water/alcohol mixtures; (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp062250t)
46. (b). P. L. Silva, E. L. Bastos, O. A. El Seoud. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 6173 (2007), and refs. cited therein. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp068596l)
47. R. Budag, L. A. Giusti, V. G. Machado, C. Machado. Fuel 85, 1494 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2005.12.023)
48. (a). J. Kriwanek, R. Miller. Colloids Surf., A 105, 233 (1995); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03331-9)
48. (b). P. Bilski, R. N. Holt, C. F. Chignell. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 110, 67 (1997); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00166-4)
48. (c). J. C. Micheau, G. V. Zakharova, A. K. Chibisov. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 2420 (2004); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b310946a)
48. (d). R. V. Pereira, M. H. Gehlen. Spectrochim. Acta A 61, 2926 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2004.11.009)
49. S. Basu, D. R. Vutukuri, S. Thayumanavan. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 16794 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja056042a)
50. (a). M. T. Morgan, M. A. Carnahan, C. E. Immoos, A. A. Ribeiro, S. Finkelstein, S. J. Lee, M. W. Grinstaff. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15485 (2003); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0347383)
50. (b). M. T. Morgan, M. A. Carnahan, S. Finkelstein, C. A. H. Prata, L. Degoricija, S. J. Lee, M. W. Grinstaff. Chem. Commun. 4309 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b502411k)
51. R. W. Sinkeldam, Y. Tor. Org. Biomol. Chem. 5, 2523 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b707719j)
52. R. Kanski, C. J. Murray. Tetrahedron Lett. 34, 2263 (1993). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)77589-7)
53. C. G. Venturini, J. Andreaus, V. G. Machado, C. Machado. Org. Biomol. Chem. 3, 1751 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b419246j)
54. (a). N. O. Mchedlov-Petrossyan, N. A. Vodolazkaya, C. Reichardt. Colloids Surf., A 205, 215 (2002); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00022-5)
54. (b). N. O. Mchedlov-Petrossyan, N. A. Vodolazkaya, A. A. Kornienko, E. L. Karyakina, C. Reichardt. Langmuir 21, 7090 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la0401361)
55. E. B. Tada, L. P. Novaki, O. A. El Seoud. Langmuir 17, 652 (2001) and refs. cited therein.
56. E. Fuguet, C. Rafols, E. Bosch, M. Roses. Langmuir 19, 55 (2003) and refs. cited therein.
57. (a). A. R. Ibragimova, F. G. Valeeva, L. Ya. Zakharova, L. A. Kudryavtseva, N. M. Azancheev, S. N. Shtykov, L. S. Shtykova, I. V. Bogomolova. Zh. Fiz. Khim. 78, 1186 (2004);
57. (b). A. R. Ibragimova, F. G. Valeeva, L. Ya. Zakharova, L. A. Kudryavtseva, N. M. Azancheev, S. N. Shtykov, L. S. Shtykova, I. V. Bogomolova. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 78, 1027 (2004);
57. (c). L. Ya. Zakharova, A. R. Ibragimova, F. G. Valeeva, L. A. Kudryavtseva, A. I. Konovalov, S. N. Shtykov, L. S. Shtykova, I. V. Bogomolova. J. Mol. Liq. 116, 83 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2004.07.079)
58. M. O. Iwunze. Phys. Chem. Liq. 43, 195 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00319100500038686)
59. (a). N. O. Mchedlov-Petrossyan, Yu. V. Isaenko, S. T. Goga. Zh. Obshch. Khim. 74, 1871 (2004);
59. (b). N. O. Mchedlov-Petrossyan, Yu. V. Isaenko, S. T. Goga. Russ. J. Gen. Chem. 74, 1741 (2004). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11176-005-0093-5)
60. J. E. Klijn, J. B. F. N. Engberts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 1825 (2003). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja027772a)
61. S. Pandey. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 26, 381 (2005). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/DIS-200049634)
62. (a). E. V. Anslyn. J. Org. Chem. 72, 687 (2007); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo0617971)
62. (b). P. Grundler. Chemical Sensors. An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Springer, Berlin (2007).
63. (a). Y. Sadaoka, Y. Sakai, Y. Murata. Talanta 39, 1675 (1992); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(92)80202-O)
63. (b). T. Sadaoka, M. Matsuguchi, Y. Sakai, Y. Murata. Chem. Lett. (Tokyo) 53 (1992).
64. (a). C. Hubert, D. Fichou, F. Garnier. Adv. Mater. 7, 914 (1995); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19950071109)
64. (b). C. Hubert, D. Fichou, P. Valat, F. Garnier, B. Villeret. Polymer 36, 2663 (1995). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)91215-S)
65. D. Crowther, X. Liu. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 2445 (1995). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39950002445)
66. C. Rottman, G. S. Grader, Y. De Hazan, D. Avnir. Langmuir 12, 5505 (1996). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la960517h)
67. J. H. Krech, S. L. Rose-Pehrsson. Anal. Chim. Acta 341, 53 (1997). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(96)00495-3)
68. F. L. Dickert, U. Geiger, P. Lieberzeit, U. Reutner. Sens. Actuators, B 70, 263 (2000).
69. P. Blum, G. J. Mohr, K. Matern, J. Reichert, U. E. Spichiger-Keller. Anal. Chim. Acta 432, 269 (2001). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)01363-5)
70. (a). S. Fiorilli, B. Onida, D. Macquarrie, E. Garrone. Sens. Actuators, B 100, 103 (2004);
70. (b). S. Fiorilli, B. Onida, C. Barolo, G. Viscardi, D. Brunel, E. Garrone. Langmuir 23, 2261 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la062829i)
71. M. Kleemann, A. Suisalu, J. Kikas. Proc. SPIE-Opt. Mater. Appl. 5946, 59460N-1 (2005).
72. M. C. Burt, B. C. Dave. Sens. Actuators, B 107, 552 (2005).
73. (a). C. Zhang, K. S. Suslick. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 11548 (2005); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja052606z)
73. (b). K. S. Suslick, N. A. Rakow, A. Sen. Tetrahedron 60, 11133 (2004);
73. (c). K. S. Suslick, D. P. Bailey, C. K. Ingison, M. Janzen, M. E. Kosal, W. B. McNamara, N. R. Rakov, A. Sen, J. J. Weaver, J. B. Wilson, C. Zhang, S. Nakagaki. Quim. Nova 30, 677 (2007). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000300029)
74. D. C. Reis, C. Machado, V. G. Machado. Tetrahedron Lett. 47, 9339 (2006). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.109)
75. C. Koopmans, H. Ritter. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 3502 (2007); the polymer-bound solvatochromic pyridinium-phenolate dye described in this paper is in fact not "Reichardt's dye" but is rather "Brooker's merocyanine dye". (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja068959v)
76. K. Dimroth, C. Reichardt, A. Schweig. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 669, 95 (1963). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19636690111)
77. X. H. Zhao, J. A. Burt, F. J. Knorr, J. L. McHale. J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 11110 (2001). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp012699g)
78. (a). C. Reichardt, S. Asharin-Fard, G. Schafer. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 23 (1993); (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199319930106)
78. (b). C. Reichardt, S. Asharin-Fard, G. Schafer. Chem. Ber. 126, 143 (1993). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19931260122)
79. (a). V. G. Machado, C. Machado, M. G. Nascimento, M. C. Rezende. Quim. Nova 19, 523 (1996);
79. (b). V. G. Machado, C. Machado, M. G. Nascimento, M. C. Rezende. Chem. Abstr. 126, 226509e (1997).
80. C. Reichardt, A. Blum, K. Harms, G. Schafer. Liebigs Ann./Recueil 707 (1997).
81. K. Tamura, Y. Ogo, T. Imoto. Chem. Lett. (Tokyo) 625 (1973).
82. W. S. Hammack, D. N. Hendrickson, H. G. Drickamer. J. Phys. Chem. 93, 3483 (1989). (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100346a025)
83. I. Jano. J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 89, 1951 (1992).
84. C. Streck, R. Richert. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 98, 619 (1994).
85. H. C. Andersen. Complete Fairy Tales and Stories, translated by E. Haugard, Gollantz, London (1974).

Pure and Applied Chemistry

Navigation

PAC Archives

RSS Feeds

Highlights

Pyridinium-N-phenolate betaine dyes as empirical indicators of solvent polarity: Some new findings

References

Pure and Applied Chemistry

Navigation

Search PAC

PAC Archives

RSS Feeds

Highlights

Pyridinium-N-phenolate betaine dyes as empirical indicators of solvent polarity: Some new findings

References