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Pure Appl. Chem., 1982, Vol. 54, No. 9, pp. 1705-1721

http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198254091705

Photophysical and photochemical behaviour of stilbene-like molecules and their aza-analogues

Ugo Mazzucato

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  • Awad Mohamed K., El-Hendawy Morad M., Fayed Tarek A., Etaiw Safaa Eldin H., English Niall J.: Aromatic ring size effects on the photophysics and photochemistry of styrylbenzothiazole. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2013, 12, 1220. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3pp25367h>
  • Bannwarth Alexander, Schmidt Sven Olaf, Peters Gerhard, Sönnichsen Frank D., Thimm Wulf, Herges Rainer, Tuczek Felix: FeIII Spin-Crossover Complexes with Photoisomerizable Ligands: Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Ligand-Driven Light-Induced Spin Change Effect. Euro J Inorg Chem 2012, 2012, 2776. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201101227>
  • Budyka Mikhayl F.: Does one-photon photocyclization of trans-diarylethylenes involve adiabatic trans-to-cis photoisomerization? potential energy surface calculations for 1-styrylnaphthalene. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2012, 112, 2643. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.23227>
  • Carlotti B., Flamini R., Kikaš I., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Intramolecular charge transfer, solvatochromism and hyperpolarizability of compounds bearing ethenylene or ethynylene bridges. Chemical Physics 2012, 407, 9. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.08.006>
  • Lin Che-Jen, Liu Yi-Hung, Peng Shie-Ming, Yang Jye-Shane: Photoluminescence and trans → cis Photoisomerization of Aminostyrene-Conjugated Phenylpyridine C^N Ligands and Their Complexes with Platinum(II): The Styryl Position and the Amino Substituent Effects. J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116, 8222. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp304893c>
  • Ciorba S., Clennan Edward L., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Induced phosphorescence of some aza- and thio-stilbenes embedded in thallium-exchanged zeolites. J of Lumin 2011, 131, 1193. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2011.02.017>
  • Mazzoli Alessandra, Carlotti Benedetta, Bonaccorso Carmela, Fortuna Cosimo G., Mazzucato Ugo, Miolo Giorgia, Spalletti Anna: Photochemistry and DNA-affinity of some pyrimidine-substituted styryl-azinium iodides. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011, 10, 1830. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1pp05214d>
  • Zhang Wen-Qin, Zhuang Jun-Peng, Li Chun-Bao, Sun Hao, Yuan Xue-Ning: Structure and Photochemical Properties of r-1, c-2, t-3, t-4-l, 3-Bis [2- (5-R-benzoxazolyl) ] −2,4-di (4-R' -phenyl) cyclobutane. Chin J Chem 2010, 19, 695. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.20010190712>
  • Budyka Mikhayl F., Oshkin Ilia V.: Comparative semiempirical and DFT study of styrylnaphthalenes and styrylquinolines and their photocyclization products. Int J Quantum Chem 2010, n/a. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.22797>
  • Bartocci Giampiero, Mazzucato Ugo, Spalletti Anna: Effect of the nitrogen heteroatom on the photophysics and photochemistry of trans-1-styrylnaphthalene and trans-9-styrylphenanthrene in different solvents. Recl Trav Chim Pays-Bas 2010, 114, 459. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19951141106>
  • Šindler-Kulyk Marija, Tomšić Slavica, Marinić ŽEljko, Metelko Biserka: Synthesis and photochemistry of 2-styrylpyrroles. Intermolecular photoaddition of pyrroles to a double bond. Recl Trav Chim Pays-Bas 2010, 114, 476. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19951141109>
  • Görner Helmut, Megyesi Mónika, Miskolczy Zsombor, Biczók László: Photoproducts and triplet reactivity of 4′-nitro- and 2′,4′-dinitro-substituted 4-hydroxystilbenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010, 214, 188. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.06.025>
  • Fortuna C.G., Mazzucato U., Musumarra G., Pannacci D., Spalletti A.: Photochemistry and DNA-affinity of some stilbene and distyrylbenzene analogues containing pyridinium and imidazolium iodides. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010, 216, 66. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.007>
  • Stylianou Kyriakos C., Heck Romain, Chong Samantha Y., Bacsa John, Jones James T. A., Khimyak Yaroslav Z., Bradshaw Darren, Rosseinsky Matthew J.: A Guest-Responsive Fluorescent 3D Microporous Metal−Organic Framework Derived from a Long-Lifetime Pyrene Core. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132, 4119. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja906041f>
  • Daku Latévi Max Lawson, Linares Jorge, Boillot Marie-Laure: Ab initio static and molecular dynamics study of the absorption spectra of the 4-styrylpyridine photoswitch in its cis and trans forms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010, 12, 6107. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b920850j>
  • Budyka M. F., Potashova N. I., Gavrishova T. N., Lee V. M.: The effect of substituents in the styryl moiety on the photocyclization of 4-styrylquinoline derivatives. High Energy Chem 2010, 44, 404. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143910050097>
  • Budyka M. F., Lee V. M., Potashova N. I., Gavrishova T. N.: Adiabatic trans-cis photoisomerization and photocyclization of 8-styrylquinoline. High Energy Chem 2010, 44, 412. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143910050103>
  • Oshkin I. V., Budyka M. F.: Quantum-chemical study of the photoisomerization and photocyclization reactions of styrylquinolines: Potential energy surfaces. High Energy Chem 2010, 44, 472. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143910060044>
  • Ciorba S., Fontana F., Ciancaleoni G., Caronna T., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Fluorescence/photoisomerization competition in trans-aza-1,2-diarylethenes. J Fluoresc 2009, 19, 759. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10895-009-0472-0>
  • Budyka M. F., Potashova N. I., Gavrishova T. N., Li V. M.: Photoisomerization and photocyclization of 4-styrylquinoline derivatives. High Energy Chem 2009, 43, 370. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143909050075>
  • Budyka M. F., Oshkin I. V.: Quantum-chemical study of aza derivatives of styrylnaphthalenes and their photocyclization products. High Energy Chem 2009, 43, 377. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143909050087>
  • Ciorba S., Bartocci G., Galiazzo G., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Photoisomerization mechanism of the cis isomers of 1,2-distyrylbenzene and two hetero-analogues. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008, 195, 301. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.10.016>
  • Budyka M. F., Potashova N. I., Gavrishova T. N., Li V. M.: Photoisomerization of 2-styrylquinoline in neutral and protonated forms. High Energy Chem 2008, 42, 446. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143908060052>
  • Budyka M. F., Oshkin I. V.: A quantum-chemical study of aza derivatives of (E)-1-styrylnaphthalene in the ground and lowest electronically excited states. High Energy Chem 2007, 41, 444. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/S0018143907060100>
  • Bartocci G., Ginocchietti G., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Conformational equilibria in EE-1,3-di-(3′-thienylethenyl)benzene: One-way adiabatic interconversion of rotamers in S1 and their excited state properties. Chemical Phys 2006, 328, 275. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.07.010>
  • Marri E., Galiazzo G., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Excited state properties of cross-conjugated 1,2- and 1,3-distyrylbenzene and some aza-analogues. Chemical Phys 2005, 312, 205. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.11.038>
  • Fayed Tarek A., Etaiw Safaa El-Din H., Khatab Hayam M.: Excited state properties and acid–base equilibria of trans-2-styrylbenzoxazoles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005, 170, 97. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.08.006>
  • Pan Yang, Sheng Zhenyu, Ye Xiaodong, Ao Zhuo, Chu Gaosheng, Dai Jinghua, Yu Shuqin: Photochemistry of quinoxaline derivatives and mechanism of the triplet state quenching by electron-poor alkenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005, 174, 98. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.02.017>
  • Hara Michihiro, Tojo Sachiko, Majima Tetsuro: Formation efficiency of radical cations of stilbene and methoxy-substituted stilbenes during resonant two-photon ionization with a XeCl excimer laser. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004, 162, 121. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00321-6>
  • Gurzadyan Gagik G., Görner Helmut: Picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of trans-1-(9-anthryl)-2-(4-R-phenyl)ethylenes with electron-donating and -accepting substituents. chem phys letts 2002, 359, 146. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00683-8>
  • Zhang Wenqin, Shen Gang, Zhuang Junpeng, Zheng Pengwu, Ran Xiaorong: Synthesis and photolysis of r-1,c-2,t-3,t-4-1,3-di(4-R-phenyl)-2,4-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]cyclobutane. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002, 147, 25. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00632-3>
  • Excited State Behavior of 1-(9-Anthryl)-2-(2-thienyl)ethene. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2002, 23, 1685. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.11.1685>
  • Bartocci G., Galiazzo G., Gennari G., Marri E., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Effect of the nature of aryl and heteroaryl groups on the excited state properties of asymmetric 1,4-diarylbutadienes. Chemical Phys 2001, 272, 213. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0104(01)00463-3>
  • Wang Shun-Li, Ho Tong-Ing: Substituent effects on intramolecular charge-transfer behaviour of styrylheterocycles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2000, 135, 119. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(00)00289-6>
  • Marcotte Nathalie, Fery-Forgues Suzanne: Spectrophotometric evidence for the existence of rotamers in solutions of some ketocyanine dyes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2000, 130, 133. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00213-0>
  • Hirose Shigeyuki, Hayami Shinya, Maeda Yonezo: Magnetic Properties of Iron(III) Complexes with Photoisomerizable Ligands. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 2000, 73, 2059. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.73.2059>
  • Fayed Tarek A.: Intramolecular charge transfer and photoisomerization of 2-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)benzoxazole:. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999, 121, 17. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00439-0>
  • Fayed Tarek A., El-Daly Samy A., Etaiw Safaa Eldin H.: Photochemical and laser activity of 1,4-bis[ß-(2-quinoxalyl)vinyl]benzene: a new laser dye. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999, 121, 183. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00469-9>
  • Görner Helmut: Photoprocesses in 4-nitro- and 2,4-dinitro-substituted trans-1-styrylnaphthalene, trans-9-styrylanthracene and related systems. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1999, 126, 15. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00122-7>
  • El-Daly Samy A, Fayed Tarek A: Photophysical properties and laser activity of 1,4-bis[β(4-quinolyl)vinyl]benzene. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 1999, 55, 2579. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1386-1425(99)00050-5>
  • Dabestani Reza, Ivanov Ilia N.: A Compilation of Physical, Spectroscopic and Photophysical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Photchem Photbio 1999, 70, 10. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb01945.x>
  • Shin Eun Ju, Choi Seung Won: Photoisomerization behavior of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-(2-pyrazinyl)ethene, a diaza analogue of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-phenylethene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998, 114, 23. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00197-X>
  • Eun Ju Shin, Eun Young Bae, Seung Hee Kim, Ho Kwon Kang, Sang Chul Shim: Photophysical properties and photoisomerization behaviour of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-(n-pyridyl)ethenes (n = 2, 3 or 4), aza analogues of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-phenylethene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997, 107, 137. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00067-1>
  • Gajdek P., Becker R.S., Elisei F., Mazzucato U., Spalletti A.: Excited state behaviour of some trans-stilbene analogues bearing thiophene rings. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1996, 100, 57. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(96)04449-8>
  • Marconi Giancarlo, Bartocci Giampiero, Mazzucato Ugo, Spalletti A, Abbate Francesco, Angeloni Leonardo, Castellucci Emilio: Role of internal conversion on the excited state properties of trans-styrylpyridines. Chemical Phys 1995, 196, 383. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(95)00075-Y>
  • El-Daly S.A., Al-Hazmy S.M., Ebeid E.M., Vernigor E.M.: Emission characteristics and photostability of 1,4-bis[β-(2-benzoxazolyl) vinyl]benzene (BBVB) laser dye. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995, 91, 199. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(95)04115-3>
  • Tokumaru Katsumi, Arai Tatsuo: Factors Determining the Adiabatic or the Diabatic Pathway of the Photoisomerization of Unsaturated Bonds. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 1995, 68, 1065. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.68.1065>
  • Mo Jeong Bong, Chul Shim Sang: Photophysical properties and conformational equilibria of trans-1-(n-pyridyl)-2-(2-quinoxalinyl)ethenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994, 79, 39. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(93)03743-Z>
  • Cheng Ji-Yen, Hull Mei-Ling, Lee Wen-Chung, Tien Mong-Jong, Lin Tsung-I, Ho Tong-Ing: Styrylpyridine—amine exciplexes: sunstituent effects. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994, 84, 161. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(94)03855-4>
  • Mazzucato U., Aloisi G. G., Elisei F.: Cis-trans photoisomerization of 1,2-diarylethylenes: Effect of charge transfer interactions. J Chem Sci 1993, 105, 475. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03040819>
  • Sun Licheng, Görner Helmut: Trans → cis photoisomerization of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-(4-R-phenyl)ethylene, R: CH3 and OCH3. chem phys letts 1993, 208, 43. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)80074-Y>
  • Depaemelaere S., Viaene L., Van der Auweraer M., De Schryver F.C., Hermant R.M., Verhoeven J.W.: Non-radiative decay processes of the intramolecular charge transfer state in a rigid bichromophoric system. chem phys letts 1993, 215, 649. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)89372-O>
  • Mazzucato Ugo, Spalletti Anna, Bartocci Giampiero, Galiazzo Guido: Evidence of adiabatic channels in the singlet photoisomerization of cis-1,2-diarylethenes: a fluorimetric study. Coord Chem Rev - 1993, 125, 251. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)85022-V>
  • Spalletti A., Bartocci G., Masetti F., Mazzucato U., Cruciani G.: Principal-component self-modeling analysis of fluorescence for some trans-diarylethylenes. A comparison with kinetic analysis. Chemical Phys 1992, 160, 131. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(92)87096-R>
  • Arai Tatsuo, Karatsu Takashi, Sakuragi Hirochika, Tokumaru Katsumi, Tamai Naoto, Yamazaki Iwao: Effects of β-substituents on internal rotation of the anthryl group of 2-anthrylethylenes in the excited singlet state. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992, 65, 41. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85030-X>
  • Chul Shim Sang, Sup Kim Maeng, Taek Lee Ki, Mo Jeong Bong, Hee Lee Bok: Photochemistry of aza-1,2-diarylethylenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992, 65, 121. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85037-U>
  • Shim Sang Chul, Kim Maeng Sup, Lee Ki Taek, Lee Bok Hee: Photophysical properties and photoisomerization of aza derivatives of trans-2-styrylnaphthalene: trans-1-(2-pyrazinyl)-2-(n-quinoxalinyl)ethylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992, 67, 23. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85164-P>
  • Chul Shim Sang, Sup Kim Maeng, Taek Lee Ki: Laser flash photolysis of trans-n-styrylquinoxaline. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992, 63, 311. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(92)85196-2>
  • Abu-Eittah R., Hamed Maher M., Mohamed A. A.: A study on the electronic spectra of vinylpyridines and 1,2-(dipyridyl)ethylenes. Molecular orbital calculations. Int J Quantum Chem 1991, 39, 211. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560390210>
  • Chul Shim Sang, Won Kim Dong, Sup Kim Maeng: Studies on the conformational equilibrium of trans-2- styrylquinoline. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991, 56, 227. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(91)80023-B>
  • Castel Nelly, Fischer Ernst, Strauch Manfred, Niemeyer Matthias, Lüttke Wolfgang: Photophysics and reversible photochemistry of 1,2-diarylethylenes containing perylenyl or biphenylenyl as an aryl group. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991, 57, 301. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(91)85025-C>
  • Muszkat K.A., Jakob A., Castel N., Fisher E., Rauch K., Lüttke W.: Photoisomerization, photocyclization and emission of methyl derivatives of 1,2-di(2-naphthyl)ethylene: evidence for rotamers and for two interconvertible coloured modifications of dibenzo-4a,4b-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991, 60, 193. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(91)85059-P>
  • Aloisi G.G., Elisei F., Mazzucato U., Prats M.: Role of charge transfer interactions in photoreactions. VII: Exciplexes of stilbene-like molecules with electron acceptors. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991, 62, 217. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(91)87021-M>
  • Spalletti Anna, Bartocci Giampiero, Mazzucato Ugo, Galiazzo Guido: Decay pathways of the first excited singlet state of cis-1-styrylpyrene. chem phys letts 1991, 186, 297. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(91)85145-M>
  • Castedo Luis, Cid M.Magdalena, Seijas Julio A., Villaverde M.Carmen: A new synthesis of azaphenanthrenes. Tetrahetron Lett 1991, 32, 3871. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)79400-7>
  • Kim Maeng Sup, Shim Sang Chul: PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CONFORMATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM OF trans-6-STYRYLQUINOXALINE. Photchem Photbio 1991, 54, 7. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb01978.x>
  • Kim Maeng Sup, Lee Ki Taek, Jeong Bong Mo, Lee Bok Hee, Shim Sang Chul: PHOTOCHEMICAL trans →cis ISOMERIZATION OF 6-STYRYLQUINOXALINE. Photchem Photbio 1991, 54, 517. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02051.x>
  • Bong Pill-Hoon, Ryoo Jae Hwan, Shim Sang Chul: Spectral properties of 1-pyrazinyl-2-(4′-quinolinyl)ethylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1990, 53, 31. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(90)87110-W>
  • Bong Pill-Hoon, Lee Ki Taek, Shim Sang Chul, Hoshino Mikio: Laser flash photolysis study of 1-pyrazinyl-2-(4′-quinolinyl)ethylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1990, 53, 51. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(90)87112-O>
  • Arai Tatsuo, Karatsu Takashi, Sakuragi Hirochika, Tokumaru Katsumi, Tamai Naoto, Yamazaki Iwao: Highly selective rotational isomerization of 2-vinylanthracene in the excited singlet state. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence study. chem phys letts 1989, 158, 429. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(89)87365-8>
  • Shim Sang Chul, Lee Cheon Seok: Substituent effects on the photoisomerization of 5(E)-styryl-1,3-dimethyluracil. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1989, 50, 41. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(89)80019-X>
  • Mazzucato Ugo, Görner Helmut, Schulte-Frohlinde Dietrich, Elisei Fausto: Radicals of 4,4′-bipyridyl and trans-1,2-dipyridylethylenes in organic solvents formed by laser flash photolysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1989, 50, 209. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(89)85016-6>
  • Görner Helmut, Elisei Fausto, Mazzucato Ugo, Galiazzo Guido: Trans → cis photoisomerization of 1-(1-naphthyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988, 43, 139. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(88)80014-5>
  • Görner Helmut: CIS-trans photoisomerization of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-phenylethylenes: effects of substitution and solvent polarity. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988, 43, 263. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(88)80024-8>
  • Gennari Giorgio, Galiazzo Guido, Bortolus Pietro: Solvent dependence of the excited state reactivity of 1-styrylisoquinoline. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988, 43, 293. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(88)80026-1>
  • Shim Sang Chul, Kim Maeng Sup: Photochemical E → Z isomerization of quaternary salts of E-1,2-bispyrazinylethylene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1988, 45, 29. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(88)80113-8>
  • Haroutounian Serkos A., Katzenellenbogen John A.: HYDROXYSTILBAZOLES AND HYDROXYAZAPHENANTHRENES: PHOTOCYCLIZATION AND FLUORESCENCE STUDIES. Photchem Photbio 1988, 47, 503. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb08838.x>
  • Krongauz Valeri, Castel Nelly, Fischer Ernst: The photophysics and photochemistry of 2-styryl-anthracene and related compounds: extreme variations in triplet���triplet absorption spectra with the temperature, decay anomalies and transcis photoisomerization. Journal of Photochemistry 1987, 39, 285. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(87)80039-4>
  • Elisei Fausto, Mazzucato Ugo, G��rner Helmut, Schulte-Frohlinde Dietrich: A laser flash photolysis study of the triplet state of trans-azastilbenes. Journal of Photochemistry 1987, 37, 87. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(87)85030-X>
  • Shim Sang Chul, Shin Eun Ju, Kang Ho Kwon, Park Seung Ki: Photoisomerization of 1,2-diarylethylenes: Photophysical properties of 5(E)-styryl-1,3-dimethyluracil. Journal of Photochemistry 1987, 36, 163. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(87)87073-9>
  • Chul Shim Sang, Taek Lee Ki, Bong Pill-Hoon: Photophysical behavior of trans-2-styrylquinoxaline conformers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1987, 40, 381. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(87)85015-3>
  • Schneider Siegfried: Investigation of the Photochromic Effect of Spiro [indolino-naphthoxazine] Derivatives by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy. Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 1987, 154, 91. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1987.154.Part_1_2.091>
  • Wintgens V��ronique, Tripathi Sadhana, Pouliquen Joseph, Kossanyi Jean: Temperature and solvent viscosity effects on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of a series of pyrylium salts. Journal of Photochemistry 1986, 32, 81. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(86)85009-2>
  • Gennari Giorgio, Galiazzo Guido, Bortolus Pietro: Solvent effects on the emissive properties of trans-3-styrylquinoline in neutral and acidic solutions. Journal of Photochemistry 1986, 35, 177. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2670(86)85027-4>
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